1. _____ Which of the following statements is FALSE concerning the vertebral column?

A. The joints between the vertebra T6 and T7 permit rotational movements of the vertebral column.

B. The posterior longitudinal ligament is located anterior to the spinal cord.

C. The ligamenta flava are located between adjacent laminae.

D. Herniation of the nucleus pulposus usually occurs in a posterolateral direction.

E. None of the above.

2. _____ Which of the following statements are FALSE concerning the spinal cord and suboccipital muscles?

A. The rectus capitis posterior major muscle takes origin from the spine of the axis and inserts upon the inferior nuchal line on the occipital bone.

B. It is not safe to remove cerebrospinal fluid in a spinal tap of young children at level L2.

C. The filum terminale attaches inferiorly to the vertebral column at the level of the first coccygeal vertebra.

D. The dura mater of the spinal cord is not attached to the inner wall of the vertebral canal on its anterior side.

E. The obliquus capitis superior muscle acts to extend and rotate the head.

3. _____ Which of the following statements is FALSE about the bones of the upper extremity?

A. The spine of the scapula is located at vertebral level 8T3.

B. The surgical neck of the humerus is located at the above the level of the greater and lesser tubercles.

C. The trochlea of the humerus articulates with the ulna.

D. The styloid process of the ulna is located on its medial side.

E. The triquetral bone is located medial to the lunate bone.

4. _____ The chorion

A. is lined by embryonic somatic mesoderm.

B. is formed during the third week of development after fertilization.

C. has a cavity (extra-embryonic coelom) which is obliterated in later fetal life by the expansion of the yolk sac.

D. is composed of the synctiotrophoblast, cytotrophoblast, and extra-embryonic somatic mesoderm.

E. is connected to the embryo via the connecting stalk, which is composed of ectoderm since it is external to the embryo.

5. _____ The neuroectoderm

A. is formed from ectodermal cells in the midline of the embryo due to the presence of underlying paraxial mesoderm.

B. gives rise to the neural tube cells, which will form the sensory and autonomic ganglia of the peripheral nervous system and the adrenal medulla.

C. is formed from the ectoderm cranial (rostral) to the primitive knot (Henson's node) in the midline of the embryo.

D. is formed after the head and tail folds rotate the embryo.

E. is found in the neural folds, which fuse together to form a tube composed of neural crest cells.

6. _____ The yolk sac

A. forms the foregut, midgut, and hindgut during folding of the embryo in the second week post-fertilization.

B. has a diverticulum (outpouching) from the hindgut, the allantois, which will later form a tube attached to the urinary bladder.

C. is lined internally by epiblast cells and covered externally by splanchnic mesoderm.

D. has a lower portion contained within the umbilical cord of the fetus, which postnatally will form a definitive structure.

E. is separated from the chorion by the presence of the amniotic cavity during the second week of development.

7. _____ Cleavage stages

A. directly result in the formation of the blastocyst.

B. result in an increase in total volume of the incipient embryo.

C. occur while the incipient embryo is in the uterine cavity.

D. directly result in the formation of the morula.

E. directly result in the formation of the trophoblast.

8. _____ The latissimus dorsi muscle inserts upon which of the following structures?

A. Clavicle

B. Greater tuberosity (tubercle) of the humerus

C. Bicipital groove of humerus

D. Lesser tuberosity (tubercle) of humerus

E. Surgical neck of humerus

9. _____ Which of the following is TRUE about the trapezius muscle?

A. It takes origin, in part, from the occipital bone.

B. It is innervated by the Accessory nerve and the ventral rami of C3 and C4.

C. It can act, in its different parts, to elevate, adduct and pull down the scapula.

D. A and C

E. All of the above

10. _____ A congenital malformation of the spinal cord which the neural folds fail to fuse at the midline is known as

A. Spina bifida with myeloschisis

B. Spina bifida cystica with meningomyelocele

C. Spina bifida cystica

D. Spina bifida occulta

E. None of the above